micro sprinkler irrigation

The term "micro-irrigation" describes a family of irrigation systems that apply water through small devices. These devices deliver water onto the soil surface very near the plant or below the soil surface directly into the plant root zone. Micro-irrigation systems are immensely popular not only in dry regions and urban settings but also in sub-humid and humid zones where water supplies are limited or water is expensive.

'Sprinkler' devices

The actual application of water in a micro- irrigation system is through an emitter. The emitter is a metering device made from plastic that delivers a small but precise discharge. These emitters dissipate water pressure through the use of long-paths, small orifices or diaphragms. Some emitters are pressure compensating meaning they discharge water at a constant rate over a range of pressures. Emission devices deliver water in three different modes: drip, bubbler and micro-sprinkler. In drip mode, water is applied as droplets or trickles. In bubbler mode, water `bubbles out' from the emitters. Water is sprinkled, sprayed, or misted in the micro-sprinkler mode.

Advantages of micro-irrigation

Water savings. Conveyance loss is minimal. Evaporation, runoff and deep percolation are reduced as compared to other irrigation systems..

Energy savings. A smaller power unit is required compared to other irrigation systems.

Weed and disease reduction. Because of limited wetted area from non-spray type of micro-irrigation, weed growth is inhibited and disease incidences reduced.

Can be automated. Fertilizers and chemicals can be applied with water through the irrigation system. Micro-irrigation systems can be automated which reduces labour requirements.

Improved irrigation on marginal land. On hilly terrain, micro-irrigation systems can operate with no runoff and without interference from the wind.

Potential problems

Management. Micro-irrigation systems normally have greater maintenance requirements. Soil particles, algae, or mineral precipitates can clog the emission devices.

Potential for damage. Animals, rodents and insects may cause damage to some components. The drip and bubbler irrigation systems may need additional equipment for frost protection.